When the behavior of an automated system deviates from an operator’s expectations, a surprise effect may occur, potentially compromising operational safety. An analysis of the U.S. Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database identified 281 instances of pilot surprise events triggered by automated systems. A systematic review of these incidents revealed that higher degrees of automation (DOA) are susceptible to the surprise effect. Additionally, drawing on these incidents and existing literature, we investigated the mechanisms through which DOA contributes to the occurrence of surprise effects from both human and machine perspectives. Finally, we underscore the importance of addressing the potential safety risks posed by high DOA within the aviation industry.

The blind box, with its uncertain probability of drawing high-value hidden items, exhibits characteristics of decision-making under ambiguity. This study found that: (1) when the probability of drawing a hidden item is ambiguous, adolescents are more likely to choose the blind box option compared to when the probability is known, though this preference difference only emerges when the probability of drawing a hidden item is very low; (2) after sampling experiences with ambiguous probabilities of obtaining hidden items, adolescents’ preference for blind boxes with extremely low probability significantly decreases. From the perspective of decision-making under ambiguity, this research provides insights into reducing adolescents' preference for ambiguity.

The present study investigated the effects of different levels of failure and different types of upward social comparisons on children's persistence. In this study, we used the "Impossible Task" to create a frustration experience and prompt peer achievement or effort to stimulate children's upward social comparison. The behavior data of persistence was collected through a self-developed game platform. Results showed that high levels of failure experiences significantly reduced children's persistence time; both types of upward social comparisons had longer persistence time than the group without upward comparison, but only the group of informing peer’s efforts had stronger willingness to continue in the future than the group without upward comparison. This study expands the exploration of factors influencing children's persistence and sheds light on the development of children's persistence qualities.

 

Beat tracking is a spontaneous bodily synchronization behavior when humans listen to music. This study employed a sensory synchronization task to explore the effects of pitch cues and metre types on beat tracking in music. The results revealed that (1) pitch cues enhanced the accuracy of beat tracking, (2) music with 2/4 metre obtained better tracking than 3/4, (3) the tap timing always preceded the actual musical beat. Our results not only uncovered how pitch and temporal dimensions in music influence beat perception, but also confirmed a universal prediction mechanism of beat perception, providing empirical evidence for dynamic attention theory and the prediction theory of rhythm perception.