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2023 Vol. 29, No. 5
Published: 2023-10-31
 
387 "Hearsay" or "Seeing is Believing"? The Effect of Valence and Accuracy in Preschooler's Evaluation to Spreading of Gossip
TANG Yu-long ZHANG Zhi-nuo MIAO Xiao-long
The purpose of study was to examine the preschoolers’ social preference and behavior evaluation when they are faced with difference valence gossip and later find that the truth of the gossip conflicted with valence. We predicted that preschoolers would evaluate the individual who provided relatively positive gossip better. The results revealed that preschoolers’ evaluation of gossip was influenced by its valence and accuracy. 5- and 6-year-olds’ explicit evaluations would be affected by valence of gossip, that is –they were more willing to be friends with the purveyor who provided positive gossip, and judged their behaviors positively before they knew the truth of gossip. However, when they knew the accuracy of the gossip and found the valence of gossip conflicted with the accuracy of gossip -- positive gossip content was wrong, negative gossip content was correct, in the two evaluation tasks, 5- to 6-year-olds’ selections of the positive gossiper were declined in different degrees, and there were no age differences. Children were more likely to be friends with the purveyor who provided negative but accurate gossip, but still judged that the behavior of the purveyor who provided positive but wrong gossip was better. The above results indicated that 5- and 6-year-olds’ took both the valence and accuracy of gossip into their social evaluation criteria.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 387-395 [Abstract] ( 616 ) PDF (505 KB)  ( 815 )
396 Towards Collectivismand Conservatism: The Impactof Pathogenson Cultural Evolution
CHEN Wei-yang, XIE Tian
Pathogens referto microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, etc.), parasites or other agents that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. How pathogens influence cultural evolution is an interesting and important perspective in the field of cultural evolution. Explaining cultural evolution from the perspective of pathogens is counterintuitive, showing the influence of tiny factors on macroscopic outcomes, and therefore interesting. Also, the perspective is important because it helps us predict how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect cultural values. In specific studies, pathogens can be measured by both objective and subjective indicators. The former is measured by the prevalence of pathogens (or infectious diseases) and the latter is measured by perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD). The two main theories in the cultural evolution of pathogen perspectives are the parasite-stress theory of values and the behavioral immune system theory. Pathogens influence the evolution of culture by causing it to evolve in the direction of collectivism and conservatism, as evidenced by their influence on and shaping collectivist values, conformity, outgroup exclusion, traditionality, preventive health behavior, conservativepolitical attitudes, etc. Future research can construct pathway models of how pathogenic stress explains cultural evolution, which requires exploring the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions by which pathogens influence cultural evolution. Future research can also construct new concepts for empirical evidence, and combine Chinese cultural traditions and contemporary practices to highlight the Chinese characteristics of the research.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 396-407 [Abstract] ( 655 ) PDF (548 KB)  ( 850 )
408 ERPs Study on the Effect of Reviewer’s Membership on Perceived Review Usefulness
LING Bin XUE Jin-xia SUN Li-jun
The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of membership status and review valence on the perceived usefulness of online reviews with an approach of the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). The behavioral results showed that the perceived review usefulness was higher in the VIP condition than in the non-VIP condition, and was higher in the negative review condition than in the positive review condition as well. ERPs results showed that compared with VIP, the non-VIP condition induced greater N2 amplitudes, indicating that individuals invested more attention resources in non-VIP comment information. The LPP effect induced by comment valence was moderated by membership status, that is, the negative comments of VIP evoked larger LPP amplitude than the positive comments, indicating that VIP status enhanced the emotional arousal level of online reviews. The results provide neural data support for the processing of identity features of useful knowledge in reviews.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 408-415 [Abstract] ( 506 ) PDF (894 KB)  ( 544 )
416 Gender Stereotype Threat Effects: The Replication Crisis and Future Directions
WANG Zhen GUAN Jian
Gender stereotype threat effects, as one of the important domains of social psychology, have been questioned about whether the gender stereotype threat effects can be replicated or not in recent years. There are two main types of the replication crisis of gender stereotype threat effects, with some evidence suggesting no gender stereotype threat effects, and others showing counter-gender stereotype threat effects (stereotype reactance effects). The possible reasons for the replication crisis included controversial moderators (such as stereotype awareness, domain identification, and task difficulty), participants of different ages, knowledge of gender stereotype threat, publication bias, inappropriate statistical analysis methods, and theory misspecification. In the future, researchers can further refine moderators of gender stereotype effects, conduct more replication studies, choose appropriate statistical methods, focus on cultural differences, and investigate other variables to examine the gender stereotype threat effects.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 416-428 [Abstract] ( 763 ) PDF (589 KB)  ( 917 )
429 The Effect of Identity Multiplicity on Individuals’ Psychology, Behavior and Mechanism
LI Meng-lin
Individuals often hold multiple social identities. This study focuses on the quantitative characteristics of individual's social identity and the concept and operational methods of identity multiplicity are clarified. Then, this paper systematically reviews the antecedents of identity multiplicity and its effects on individual cognition, emotion and behavior, as well as summarizes the mechanism and boundary conditions and integrates the logical relations among them. Finally, on the basis of summarizing the limitations of existing research, this paper puts forward the prospect of the future research from the two aspects, including antecedents and consequences of identity multiplicity, and other perspectives are prospected, providing reference and direction for subsequent theoretical research and practical application.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 429-440 [Abstract] ( 645 ) PDF (757 KB)  ( 900 )
441 Reasoning and Bias: Advancing from Traditional Logic to Logical Intuition
YANG Jian-yong HU Zhu-jing NIE Dan-dan ZHU De-biao
Human reasoning is often biased. Dual processing theory holds that bias is caused by people's tendency to rely on belief-based heuristic rather than logical-based analytical thinking to make judgements. According to this account, the processing of logical rules is slow and requires cognitive resources. However, recent research has found that people seem to be able to intuitively process logical rules in reasoning tasks without the involvement of analytical thinking, which leads to the proposal of “logical intuition”. This paper compares and summarizes the converging evidence for logical intuition in four paradigms (conflict detection, dual instruction, liking rate, random response). Logical intuition has two core characteristics: automaticity and implicitness. The presence of logical intuition has advanced the explanation of reasoning bias from conflict detection failure to suppression failure, and has contributed to the innovation of dual processing theory from traditional models to new hybrid models. It also has important implications for people’s decision-making and judgment as well as the discussion of human rationality. However, there are still many shortcomings in the study of logical intuition. For example, the sources and boundary conditions of logical intuition remain unclear. And the individual variables that influence logical intuition also need to be explored in depth. In addition, the electrophysiological evidence and cross-domain applicability of logical intuition also needs to be explored. Overall, the study of logical intuition is still in its infancy and needs more research to explore.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 441-453 [Abstract] ( 494 ) PDF (628 KB)  ( 735 )
454 Intertemporal choice of Va and Han Chinese college students: The impact of time perception
LI Jun-liang LIU Chao GENG Xiao-wei
In order to investigate Va ethnic college students' intertemporal decision-making preferences, the study applied intertemporal choice tasks in multi-domains. The study compared the delay discounting rate of intertemporal choice and time perception between Va and Han college students, and the mediating role of time perception. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the delayed discounting rate between Va and Han in money domain. However, the discounting rate of Va was significantly lower than that of Han in health and environment domain. The value of time perception of Va college students was significantly less than that of Han, and time perception played a mediating role between ethnic groups and three domains of delay discounting rate.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 454-461 [Abstract] ( 516 ) PDF (779 KB)  ( 561 )
462 The Influence of Drug Clue Exposure on Intertemporal Decision-making of Drug Addicts: Based on the Perspective of Psychological Time
HE Yun, ZHOU Bing-tao, PU Lu-meng, YANG Bo
To explore the internal mechanisms of drug clue exposure on intertemporal decision-making of drug addicts. A total of 253 heroin addicts were selected and randomly divided into drug cue group and neutral cue group. Intertemporal decision-making experiments, subjective time perception and future time perspective were used to test the two groups of subjects. The results indicated that the drug clue exposure affects the intertemporal decision-making of drug addicts, and indirectly affects the intertemporal decision-making of drug addicts through subjective time perception. Future time perspective plays a moderating role in the influence of drug clues on intertemporal decision-making of drug addicts. This study reveals the influence of drug cues on the intertemporal decision making of drug addicts from a psychological time perspective, with the aim of helping drug addicts make more rational decisions and thus improve their withdrawal outcomes.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 462-469 [Abstract] ( 609 ) PDF (762 KB)  ( 876 )
470 Polytomous Cognitive Diagnosis Testlet Model
ZHOU Wen-jie TONG Wang-wang GUO Lei
This research proposed the Polytomous Cognitive Diagnosis Testlet Model (PCDTM), which is suitable for polytomous response assessment with a multidimensional testlet effects structure. To investigate the performance of the PCDTM, we presented a simulation and an empirical study. Results indicated that: (1)The PCDTM model is reasonable and effective, and accurate parameter estimation results can be obtained regardless of whether the answer data contain testlet effects or not; (2) as the sample size, item quality, and the number of item increase, the accuracy of estimation of the examinees' parameters, item parameters, and testlet parameters would be improved; (3) ignoring testlet effects will decrease the item parameter estimation accuracy and the examinees' accuracy rate, and even the estimation results may be confused; (4) the results of the empirical study of the 2012 large-scale test in mathematics also show that the PCDTM model fits better and has accurate parameter estimation, which is more suitable for processing testlet data in actual data. We suggested that when using this model, the sample size should not be less than 1000, and the test length should not be less than 20 items.
2023 Vol. 29 (5): 470-479 [Abstract] ( 511 ) PDF (850 KB)  ( 512 )
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