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2024 Vol. 30, No. 6
Published: 2024-12-31
 
483 Cause Analysis of two Boeing 737 MAX Crashes:#br# Based on FLAP Model of Human-Automation Interaction
WANG Xin-ye,Wang Shuo, Lin Jing-kang, Du Lei
In less than five months from October 2018 to March 2019, two newly delivered Boeing 737 MAX aircraft crashed one after another. Accident investigations have identified fatal design flaws in the MACS as the proximate cause of both crashes. Boeing designed MCAS to automatically control the horizontal stabilizer in the tail of the aircraft to improve the pitch characteristics of the aircraft. However, the logic of the MACS operation and its behavior were divorced from the crews’ understanding of the Boeing 737 family of aircraft control systems, so the two crashes were classic examples of human-automation interaction failures. Different from other human-automation interaction models, FLAP model not only examines the interaction problems when the automation system and human are functioning properly, but also includes the crew defects, automation system failures and avionics system abnormalities. The FLAP model would help researchers to simulate the problems associated with automation systems in today’s commercial transport aircraft in a top-down, generalizable way. The FLAP model could be used to trace back the causes of the two air accidents. The study found that, in addition to poor MACS design, Boeing and the FAA’s failure to adhere to aviation safety culture was the most profound cause of the two accidents. Therefore, the system design should adhere to the human-centered principle; regulators, aircraft manufacturers and operating companies all need to strengthen aviation safety culture. Finally, the study also verified that the FLAP model was an excellent cognitive tool for analyzing the interaction between pilot and automation.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 483-494 [Abstract] ( 420 ) PDF (1515 KB)  ( 842 )
495 Revision of the Chinese Version of Workplace Cyber Incivility Scale in Chinese Employees
YAN Yu，XIAO Shuai-ping，CAO Zhao-xue，ZHAO Kai-chen，LU Yi
The present study sought to revise the Workplace Cyber Incivility Scale (WCIS) and to examine its psychometric properties among Chinese employees. A total of 1572 in-service employees from 30 provinces completed the questionnaire, and 150 of them were retested 4 weeks later. We evaluated the instrument in terms of item analysis, exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity evaluation, and equating evaluations. The results showed that the Chinese version of WCIS consisted of two factors, that is, the active dimension (7 items) and the passive dimension (6 items), with a total of 13 items. The reliability and validity were in line with the standards, and the equivalence of cross-gender and cross-sample was established. Therefore, the Chinese version of WCIS can be used as a valid instrument to measure cyber incivility in the Chinese workplace, as it has passed the rigorous psychometric examination.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 495-502 [Abstract] ( 446 ) PDF (484 KB)  ( 423 )
503 Prediction Bias of Cooperative Motion in Depressed Adolescents
Hu Jingjing， HE Kaifeng，YIN Jun，Zhou Dongsheng，XU Haokui
This research investigated performance disparities between depressed and healthy adolescents in predicting cooperative motions. In our experiment, we employed a ‘disappearance-prediction’ paradigm. Subjects were required to predict the position of a chaser in a cooperative chasing motion. An independent chase served as a control, while reversed (backward) trajectories established a baseline. The results indicated that healthy adolescents showed lower prediction errors for the forward cooperative chasing trajectories compared to the reversed (backward) trajectories, while depressed adolescents did not show this distinction. In contrast, the prediction accuracy for individual chasing was comparable between the two groups. This study suggests that the prediction bias of cooperative chasing observed in depressed adolescents is attributable to deficits in processing cooperative information, rather than disparities in fundamental motion information processing.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 503-511 [Abstract] ( 467 ) PDF (683 KB)  ( 438 )
512 Revision of the Chinese Version of the Short Home Attachment Scale and its Reliability and Validity Test
WANG Pai，YANG Yi-sheng，LI Ya-ning，ZHU Li-juan，Sofya NARTOVA-BOCHAVER
Objective: To revise The Short Home Attachment Scale (SHAS) and test its reliability and validity in college students. Methods: The Chinese version of SHAS was determined by item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and its structure was determined by confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, the reliability and validity of the scale were tested. Results: The 7 items of Chinese SHAS had good differentiation. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (χ2/df=3.53, RMSEA=0.07, CFI=0.97, TLI=0.95, SRMR=0.03) all supported the single factor structure, and the reliability and validity of the scale met the requirements of measurement. Conclusion: The revised Chinese version of SHAS meets the standards of measurement and can be used as a reliable tool to measure family attachment of Chinese college students.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 512-519 [Abstract] ( 514 ) PDF (581 KB)  ( 468 )
520 Exploring the Psychological Factors of Drug Addiction Based on Network Analysis: Patterns of Association and Key Factors
YAN Jun-yu，ZHANG Yi-xin， ZHANG Qi-han， LIU Tuo
A total of 548 drug addicts from one compulsory drug rehabilitation center were investigated using the Psychological Factors of Drug Addiction Assessment Scale. The purpose of this study aimed to construct the network structure of psychological factors of drug addiction by using network analysis method, explore the correlation mode between various factors, and evaluate the key factors affecting drug addiction. The results showed that there are two relatively stable clusters in the psychological factor network of drug addiction, and personality and emotional factors occupy an important positions in the network, among which the mental index is relatively high. The above results provide evidence to support that psychological factors of drug addiction can be classified into protective factors and risk factors, and it is found that factors such as distraction and positive and negative emotions are the key psychological factors affecting drug addiction, and it may be more effective and timely to develop appropriate intervention measures for these factors in improving drug addiction.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 520-529 [Abstract] ( 459 ) PDF (1201 KB)  ( 519 )
530 The influence and mechanism of opinion expression strategies used in the reversal of events online on public social participation intention
ZHANG Yu-tong，YAO Qi，HAO He-ming
Based on the face theory, we used a simulated scenario to present the reversal of an event, collected comments from participants and classified the expression strategies, then measured variables such as shame, trait self-affirmation and social participation intention and built a model of the influence of opinion expression strategy on social participation intention. The results showed that compared with individuals who used the avoidance strategy, individuals who chose the engagement strategy self-reported higher social participation intention after the reversal, which could be explained by shame and trait self-affirmation. The results reveal the social psychological aftereffects of the reversal of events online from the perspective of the process of public’s participation, and promote our understanding of the social impact of them.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 530-538 [Abstract] ( 471 ) PDF (890 KB)  ( 530 )
539 The attentional boost effect in implicit memory#br# --based on reactive competition
MENG Ying-fang，MENG Yi-ge， WEN Shu-ying
The Attentional Boost Effect (ABE) refers to a phenomenon in dual-task operations where the target response in a target detection task enhances the memory performance of concurrently presented memory materials. This effect arises from a balance between the facilitation induced by target detection and the interference caused by dual-task demands. To further clarify the sources of interference in dual-task processing and their modulation, this study employed an ABE research paradigm involving implicit memory and manipulated different levels of response competition between the dual tasks. The results indicate that response competition affects ABE in implicit memory, and this effect is independent of the type of implicit memory but is modulated by the attentional resource demands of response competition.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 539-546 [Abstract] ( 403 ) PDF (692 KB)  ( 442 )
547 The Interaction between Working Memory and Long-term Memory in Visual Memory
Cao Yang，Li Xin-yu，Wang Ben-chi
Memory, as a core function of our cognitive system, is frequently involved in our behaviors. It is generally considered to include two vital memory systems: Long-term memory (LTM) for storing a limitless amount of information and Working memory (WM) for temporally processing information with limited capacity. Here we mainly summarize the evidence for the interaction between WM and LTM in visual memory system. Clearly, previous research suggests that WM and LTM are not completely independent or compatible, and there exists common mechanisms underlying those two memory systems. For example, the participation of LTM can temporally improve WM capacity; while WM is the core for the formation of LTM. Further evidence show that WM and LTM share similar neural mechanism, especially that medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex are involved in both WM and LTM processing. Overall, we argue that LTM and WM are not independent memory system, instead they closely interact with each other. Although we conclude this, little is known how such interaction across memory systems works. Thus, future research should be conducted on several aspects (as we listed in the main text) to understand the interaction between LTM and WM.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 547-560 [Abstract] ( 515 ) PDF (1173 KB)  ( 922 )
561 Control or Learning? Cognitive Mechanisms of the Proportion Congruency Effect
SHI Kang yin，GUO Ming-qian，WANG Xiu-Xi
Proportion congruency effect refers to the phenomenon that the size of congruency effect varies with changes in the ratio of congruent and incongruent trials. This phenomenon suggests that individuals have the ability to flexibly adapt to the environment, although the underlying cognitive mechanisms remain unclear. The paper initiates by introducing the different categories of proportion congruency effects. Subsequently, it systematically summarizes the key factors that exert influence on this phenomenon. Finally, it organized and analyzed the existing theories. Unresolved issues in the field are summarized, and future research is proposed to further refine theoretical models of attention and learning, analyze the factors that influence the selection of attention and learning strategies, and explore the practical applications of the proportion congruency effect.
2024 Vol. 30 (6): 561-576 [Abstract] ( 427 ) PDF (734 KB)  ( 453 )
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